Made by mind

We have hitherto considered those ideas, in the reception whereof the mind is only passive, which are those simple ones received from sensation and reflection before mentioned, whereof the mind cannot make one to itself, nor have any idea which does not wholly consist of them. But as the mind is wholly passive in the reception of all its simple ideas, so it exerts several acts of its own, whereby out of its simple ideas, as the materials and foundations of the rest, the others are framed. The acts of the mind, where in it exerts its power over its simple ideas, are chiefly these three: (1) Combining several simple ideas into one compound one; and thus all complex idea are made. (2) The second is bringing two ideas, whether simple or complex, together, and setting them by one another, so as to take a view of them at once, without uniting them into one; by which way it gets all its ideas of relations. (3) The third is separating them from all other ideas that accompany them in their real existence: this is called abstraction: and thus all its general idea are made. This shows man’s power, and its ways of operation, to be much the same in the material and intellectual world. For the materials in both being such as he has no power over, either to make or destroy, all that man can do is either to unite them together, or to set them by one another, or wholly separate them. I shall here begin with the first of these in the consideration of complex ideas, and come to the other two in their due places. As simple ideas are observed to exist in several combinations united together, so the mind has a power t consider several of them united together as one idea; and that not only as they are united in external objects, but as itself has joined them together. Ideas thus made up of several simple ones put together, I call complex; -such as are beauty, gratitude, a man, an army, the universe; which, though complicated of various simple ideas, or complex ideas made up of simple ones, yet are, when the mind pleases, considered each by itself, as one entire thing, and signified by one name.

Abstractions in mind

The use of words then being to stand as outward marks of our internal ideas, and those ideas being taken from particular things, if every particular idea that we take in should have a distinct name, names must be endless. To prevent this, the mind makes the particular ideas received from particular objects to become general; which is done by considering them as they are in the mind such appearances,-separate from all other existences, and the circumstances of real existence, as time, place, or any other concomitant ideas. This is called ABSTRACTION, whereby ideas taken from particular beings become general representatives of all of the same kind; and their names general names, applicable to whatever exists conformable to such abstract ideas. Such precise, naked appearances in the mind, without considering how, whence, or with what others they came there, the understanding lays up (with names commonly annexed to them) as the standards to rank real existences into sorts, as they agree with these patterns, and to denominate them accordingly. Thus the same colour being observed to-day in chalk or snow, which the mind yesterday received form milk, it considers that appearance alone, makes it a representative of all of that kind; and having given it the name whiteness, it by that sound signifies the same quality wheresoever to be imagined or met with; and thus universals, whether ideas or terms, are made.

'Chak De India' always rocks!

Chak De India is one of the greatest films of Indian cinema history. It differs from the usual trend in Indian cinema and looked great. It is a great film in other aspect also. In giving up light to hockey which is the national game of India and which is not encouraged by the government too. The power of working in team is portrayed in the movie very clearly and no doubt the movie is screened in many institutions and organizations for making the associates and students. Shah Rukh Khan was brave enough to take the role of the Indian hockey team’s coach without even having a female lead which is a compulsory in Indian cinema. I also recommend you guys to see the movie for getting the feel of patriotism.

Digital image processing

Digital Image Processing is concerned with acquiring and processing of an image. In simple words an image is a representation of a real scene, either in black and white or in color, and either in print form or in a digital form i.e., technically a image is a two-dimensional light intensity function. In other words it is a data intensity values arranged in a two-dimensional form like an array, the required property of an image can be extracted from processing an image. Image is typically by stochastic models. It is represented by AR model. Degradation is represented by MA model.

Other form is orthogonal series expansion. Image processing system is typically non-casual system. Image processing is two dimensional signal processing. Due to linearity Property, we can operate on rows and columns separately. Image processing is vastly being implemented by “Vision Systems” in robotics. Robots are designed, and meant to be controlled by a computer or similar devices. While “Vision Systems” are most sophisticated sensors used in Robotics. They relate the function of a robot to its environment as all other sensors do. “Vision Systems” may be used for a variety of applications, including manufacturing, navigation and surveillance.

Avoid unhealthy foods

An apple a day keeps the doctor away from you. This was told by some one. But it is a true fact indeed. Eating and sleeping are good for health if they are done in a proper and regular basis too. But the biggest illusion is we can live long happily if we eat healthy foods and do exercises. Doing exercises is a different thing. But while it comes to eating it is not that we can stay healthy if we eat healthy foods only. We can be healthy if we avoid unhealthy foods. Fruits and vegetables make humans to live long than they deserve nowadays. Our grand parents would have lived for say 80 or 90 years. But the next generation people cannot live for long. Because, they doesn’t know how to avoid unhealthy foods. So stay healthy by avoiding unhealthy foods.

Memory

The other way of retention is, the power to revive again in our minds those ideas which, after imprinting, have disappeared, or have bee as it were laid aside out of sight. And thus we do, when we conceive heat or light, yellow or sweet, - the object being removed. This is memory, which is as it were the storehouse of our ideas. For, the narrow mind of man not being capable of having many ideas under view and consideration at once, it was necessary to have a repository, to lay up those ideas which, at another time, it might have use of. But, our ideas being nothing but actual perceptions in the mind, which cease to be anything when there is no perception of them; this laying up of our ideas in the repository of the memory signifies no more but this, - that the mind has a power in many cases to revive perceptions which it has once had, with this additional perception annexed to them, that it has had them before. And in this sense it is that our ideas are said to be in our memories, when indeed they are actually nowhere: - but only there is an ability in the mind when it will to revive them again, and as it were paint them anew on itself, though some with more, some with less difficulty; some more lively, and others more obscurely. And thus it is, by the assistance of this faculty, that we are said to have all those ideas in our understandings which, though we do not actually contemplate, yet we can bring in sight, and make appear again, and be the objects of our thoughts, without the help of those sensible qualities which first imprinted them there

Software fault tolerance

Software fault tolerance is a new and emerging field, and their state of the art is primitive. Software faults are quick unlike hardware faults. However software never wares out, so that the faults are can be regarded instead as faults in design.
To provide reliability in the face of software faults, we must use redundancy. This means replicating the same software N times will not work; all N copies will fail for the same inputs. Single version software is already more expensive than the hardware in most large systems; demanding N versions of software for even small N can be very expensive.

There are two approaches to handling multiple versions. N version programming involves running all N versions in parallel and voting on the output. In contrast, the recovery–block approach involves running only one version at any one time. The output of this version is put throw an acceptance test, which checks to see if it is an acceptable range. If it is the output is passed as correct.